Theoretical Perspectives on Reading Instruction Essays

Introduction Since the reading movements of the 1980’s and 1990’s, many different theoretical perspectives on teaching reading have been proposed. This paper will examine and discuss major themes, issues, and influences derived from theoretical perspectives on reading instruction that have been proposed since the 1980’s. This paper will also examine four articles related to themes and issues taken from the State University library about reading instruction. The author will relay these articles from the library; to current classroom and personal experiences. Research in Learning Style and Reading: Implications for Instruction The first article that we will examine is by Marie Carbo and entitled, â€Å"Research in Learning†¦show more content†¦Carbo also brings out that included in the environmental preferences educators should take in account of the classroom’s formal (hard chairs, desks, etc) or informal, (sofa, pillows, rugs, etc) design which can affect a students’ learning either positively or negatively in the classroom. Perceptual strengths preferences are explained by Carbo as when, â€Å"Students learn new material through their strongest modality with reinforcement being provided through the students’ second strongest modality† (1984). Carbo believes that reading should be taught to students using a large array of multi-sensory devices that include the use of games, books on tapes, filmstrips, word and letter cards made from sandpaper, beads, etc. Under the perceptual development heading; the article brings out that young children are more tactile/kinesthetic/visual learners and that students at this stage learns best with the use of â€Å"holistic† reading instructions. According to Carbo research on comparisons across grade levels students in lower grade levels should have ample opportunities for movement and intake during reading instructions, while older students may prefer to work more independently using newspapers, magazines, trade books, etc. Carbo research of comparisons across achievement levels, also found that students that were poor readers may require clearer directions, immediate feedback, moreShow MoreRelatedPhonemic : Phonemic Awareness And Phonics1400 Words   |  6 PagesPhonemic awareness and phonics are the two reading components that I examined for the Triangulated Analysis project. Phonemic awareness is a subset of phonological awareness and refers to the ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken words. Phonemic awareness is the recognition that spoken words are made up of individual sounds, as well as and the ability to make those sounds. Young learners who acquire this ability are able to hear rhyming words and blend them together. Moreover, phonemicRead MoreStudents Are Not College And Career Ready Nationally1441 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1: Introduction to the Study Students are not college and career ready nationally and this is more than likely attributed to low reading abilities. This is an on-going problem that needs immediate attention. It is not a new problem but because of the advance changes and the technology driven mind of the 21st century we have a gap in our educational system. Introduction The probablilty of students struggling to become fluent readers is evident as early as prek which gives an insight onRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreElementary School Classroom Reading Programs784 Words   |  4 Pageselementary school classroom reading programs that promote the reading growth of students with reading difficulties? What are the strengths of these programs and how can these strengths be used to help educators design or implement other effective reading programs? The article discusses six classroom programs that help improve reading in struggling students. The researcher’s intention with writing the article was to help other teachers and educators in implementing their own reading progra ms. The six elementaryRead MorePursuing A Master s Degree964 Words   |  4 Pagesreflects the interdisciplinary nature of our field. As one example, I concurrently completed two experimental learning opportunities that infused critical theories into my reading, writing, dialectic exchanges, and practice: an Independent Study on Critical Perspectives in Library and Information Studies and a Library Instruction Practicum at Georgetown University’s Lauinger Library. I have also pursued two cognate courses in Catholic’s MSW and MA Sociology programs: Community Organizing for EquitableRead MoreThe Beliefs And Practices Of Reading Instruction Of 30 Kindergarten Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesI. Research Description This article investigates the beliefs and practices in reading instruction of 30 kindergarten through third grade teachers in the suburban school district of Decatur, Georgia. Five different hypotheses were formed beforehand and tested with the results of the study. Based upon the results, participants were more whole-language oriented in philosophy and used more whole-language practices than phonics practices. The study was also able to find that the curriculum was not aRead MoreAn Investigation With A Non Native Speaker1629 Words   |  7 PagesIn this case study, the candidate does not have formal English language instruction yet his interview reveals that the process whereby he is learning English is congruent with theoretical evidence that supports current methods. Procedure In order to prepare for the interview, 44 questions were created (see Appendix C). Prior to developing the questions six categories were developed in an attempt to identify the theoretical approaches that align with the learner s; characteristics/style, learningRead MoreReading Is Important For Studentssuccess1242 Words   |  5 PagesReading is fundamental to function in the society. It is important because it develops the mind. Reading develops language skills and comprehension needed to meet the demands of everyday life. In the U.S., there are 45 million people functionally illiterate and reads below 5th grade level (Literacy Project Foundation, n.d.). Books, magazines, comics, newspapers, and resources from the internet are reading outlets wherein they are required the capacity to read and comprehend the content. TeachersRead MoreThe Bystander Effect On Social Psychology1077 Words   |  5 Pagesintervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, 10, 215-221. Hypothesis and Specific Aims: What idea does that research give you that you want to check out? In other words, state your hypothesis, including your theoretical IV and DV. It should be clear how this is different from what is already known. The hypothesis for this experiment was: Do our emotions specifically those of empathy or personal distress, interfere with our actions in a given situation? It was discoveredRead MoreThe Observation Of The Bystander Effect1079 Words   |  5 Pagesintervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, 10, 215-221. Hypothesis and Specific Aims: What idea does that research give you that you want to check out? In other words, state your hypothesis, including your theoretical IV and DV. It should be clear how this is different from what is already known. The hypothesis for this experiment was: Do our emotions specifically those of empathy or personal distress, interfere with our actions in a given situation? It was discovered

Explanation of Indirect Objects for ESL Learners

Indirect objects are persons or things who receive the benefits of an action. In other words, when somebody does something for someone or something the person or thing it is done for is the indirect object. For example: Tom gave me the book.Melissa bought Tim some chocolate. In the first sentence, the direct object book was given to me, the indirect object. In other words, I received the benefit. In the second sentence, Tim received the direct object chocolate. Notice that the indirect object is placed before the direct object. Indirect Objects Answer Questions Indirect objects answer the questions to whom, to what, for whom or for what. For example: Susan offered Fred some good advice. To whom was advice (direct object in a sentence) offered? - Fred (indirect object) The teacher teaches the students science in the morning. For whom is science (direct object in a sentence) taught? - the students (indirect object) Nouns as Indirect Objects Indirect objects can be nouns (things, objects, people, etc.). Generally, however, indirect objects are usually people or groups of people. This is because indirect objects (people) receive the benefit of some action. For example: I read Peter the report. Peter is the indirect object and the report (what I read) is the direct object. Mary showed Alice her house. Alice is the indirect object and the house (what she showed) is the direct object. Pronouns as Indirect Objects Pronouns can be used as indirect objects. Its important to note that pronouns used as indirect objects must take the object pronoun form. Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them. For example: Greg told me the story. Me is the indirect object and the story (what Greg told) is the direct object. The boss lent them the start-up investment. Them is the indirect object and the start-up investment (what the boss lent) is the direct object. Noun Phrases as Indirect Objects Noun phrases (a descriptive phrase ending in a noun: a beautiful vase, an interested, wise, old professor) can also be used as indirect objects. For example: The composer wrote the dedicated, poor singers a song to perform. the dedicated, poor singers are the indirect object (noun phrase form), while a song (what the composer wrote) is the direct object. Relative Clauses as Indirect Objects Relative clauses which define an object can also function as indirect objects. For example: Peter promised the man, who had been waiting for an hour, the next tour of the building. In this case, the man is defined by the relative clause who had been waiting for an hour both of these make up the indirect object. The next tour of the building (what Peter promises) is the direct object.

A Critique Of Leadership Style - 1132 Words

LEADERSHIP CRITIQUE This paper is a critique of preceptor leadership methods. I will describe my current preceptor’s leadership style, giving an example of an observed valuable leadership strategy and why I found it to be successful. Shadowed by an example of an observed unsuccessful leadership strategy, how I responded, and a recommended strategy for the situation described. Ending with the type of leader I aspire to be in the future and my final thought regarding leadership. Preceptor Leadership Style First, I will critique the Nurse Manager for Baker City Health Department who precepted during my Fall 2017 Leadership course. Additionally, she oversees the School-Based Heath Center (SBHC) located at the local High School, the location†¦show more content†¦During this meeting we communicated about unmet needs for the project. Being new to this event, I needed an in-depth explanation. Her situational leadership style was confirmed through explanations and my comprehension. Some areas she needed to emphasize on, while others were easier to understand. I may have left overwhelmed, but she did not create a feeling of incompetence. Proving she exhibits this style of leadership. Unsuccessful Leadership Style Secondly, in contrast, I once obtained a preceptor who created the feeling of incompetence and left me feeling unwelcome. This occurred during a rotation at a hospital. This preceptors’ leadership skills were unsuccessful and ruled by autocratic command. When communication happened, it was one way. This created an unfriendly work environment and unpleasant partnership. For instance, I was dismissed, sent to read charts and not to interact with the patient. I complied until I heard my patient calling for the nurse and her not being there. Incidentally, I was the student nurse with an obligation to aid the patient under our care. I inquired on how I could contribute that lead to offering support with toileting needs. Accordingly, I entered the room and assisted. Instead of leaving due to cardiac issues I remained in the room until finished. While there, I simultaneously finished my head to toe as required by my instructor. This led to my preceptor going to myShow MoreRelatedCritique of Meindle’s Management and Leadership Styles1177 Words   |  5 PagesCase Analysis: Zelte USA By Kimberley Coleman Strayer University BUS 520 Critique Meindle’s management and leadership styles. Meindle’s approach to management resembles a hierarchal structure, with orders coming down from the top with very little upward communication. He didn’t pay much attention to individual personalities. Maintaining tight control over all company operations was the way Meindle managed Zelte. He refused to allow other sales representatives to contact the company’sRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Transformational Leadership963 Words   |  4 PagesCharacteristics of Good Leadership Leadership comes in many facets. It is important to pick the right leadership depending on the situation. In this paper the key leadership that will be discussed is transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that has been adopted by a lot of individuals in the 21st Century. It is also a leadership style that leaders in the military have utilized to effectively train new Soldiers. Throughout this paper I will speak about theRead MoreNursing Leadership Critique Papers1445 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Critique Paper The textbook, Concepts for Nursing Practice, defines leadership as, â€Å"an interactive process that provides needed guidance and direction.† (Giddens, J., 2013, p.375). Leaders can be informal, a coworker that everyone looks up to, or formal, a manager that has authority that has been given to them (Giddens, J., 2013, p.375). In the case of the nurse manager I have been shadowing, she is a formal leader. The hospital has appointed her as the Surgical Services Nurse ManagerRead MoreCritique Of The Truth About Leadership1358 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CRITIQUE OF THE TRUTH ABOUT LEADERSHIP 1 CRITIQUE OF THE TRUTH ABOUT LEADERSHIP 5 Critique of The Truth about Leadership Renan Daghistani MAX ELLZEY, Ed.D, MBA, M.Div BSCI 635.25 LEADERSHIP and ETHICS Spring2016? Critique of The Truth about Leadership Introduction Kouzes and Posner provide ten universal truths of leadership. They posit that whereas the leadership context has changed since the commencement of their research, successful habits and behaviors have remained theRead MoreEssay on Emotional Intelligence in Leadership1548 Words   |  7 Pages The premise of emotional intelligence in leadership is that emotional intelligence should be the premise of leadership. Before tasks, followers, goals and styles can be defined or critiqued, the leader’s emotional intelligence must first be assessed (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2002, pg 5). Emotional intelligence then becomes the predictor of how effectively the leader will be able to lead in any given situation, set of tasks or followers. In this paper, the author will compare this premiseRead MoreThe Effects Of Leadership Characteristics On Pediatric Registered Nurses Job Satisfaction844 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Critique: Effects of Leadership Characteristics on Pediatric Registered Nurses’ Job Satisfaction Nursing job satisfaction continues to rank high as an area of concern for Nurse Executives. Dissatisfied nurses can lead to a decreased ability to recruit nurses and increased turnover (Ruggiero, 2005), leading to lower patient satisfaction. The costs of nursing turnover has been hard to measure and varies from study to study (Li Jones, 2013), however Brewer, et al. (2011) estimates $856Read MoreIlm Leadership859 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Assessing your own leadership capability and performance (M5.29) 5 6 Assessment criteria (the learner can) 1.1 Review the prevailing leadership styles in the organisation Assess the impact of the prevailing leadership styles on the organisation’s values and performance Level: Credit value: Learning outcomes (the learner will) 1 Understand leadership styles within an organisation 1.2 2 Be able to review effectiveness of own leadership capability and performance in meetingRead MoreMalaysian Leadership Style and Employees Organizational Commitment 953 Words   |  4 PagesBibliographical Entry Lo, M.C., Ramayah, T., and Min, H.W., (2009). Leadership styles and organizational commitment: a test on Malaysia manufacturing industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1 (6), 133-139. Problem In Malaysia it was a common complaint that employees were no more loyal as they used to be in the passed. Employees would tend to leave their companies for slightly better pay due to low commitment. Hence, the biggest challenge for Malaysian organizations was to provoke aRead MoreLeadership Goals And Objectives Of The Global Automotive Industry994 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is an essential element in every human group because it is a fundamental component without which would be hard to adequately orient efforts towards a common goal. According to Schneider and Schrà ¶der (2012, p. 269) â€Å"leadership is the set of capabilities that a person has to influence a group of people, making this team to work with enthusiasm in the achievement of goals and objectives†. Applying this concept to the business administration area, leadership is related to the managerial orRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Two Leadership Styles1262 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership can be defi ned as the ability to lead a group of people successfully in an organization. Hall, et al (2008) have mentioned that an effective leader has to be visionary, motivating and responsible in order to successfully run a business organization. In business the two key leadership styles, which are widely used in today’s corporate world are autocratic leadership and democratic leadership (Johnson, n.d.). Autocratic leadership may be explained as â€Å"a leadership style where the manager

Why Did Australia Become Involved in the Vietnam War Essay

The Vietnam War which went from 1965 to 1975 involved America and its allies, including Australia, aiming to prevent South Vietnam from an invasion by the communist North Vietnaese. There were many key reasons for Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The Americans provided valuable support when they arrived at our aid during the WWII so Australia felt a responsibility to return a favour to the US to maintain healthy foreign relations. Australia also became implicated in the war due to the threat posed by the expansion of communism, known as the â€Å"Domino Effect†. On the political front Australia was also very anticommunist and believed to stop the war arriving at our front step we should use the forward defence approach. For these†¦show more content†¦The fear of communism eventually overtaking Australia was initially the main reason for Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. Sir Robert Menzies was elected Prime Minister of Australia in 1949 and maintained leadership for sixteen years. Menzies wanted to achieve a better lifestyle for all Australians and was bitterly opposed to communism. (In comments mr Leechman asked for examples and to work on the paragraph) Australia wanted to stop communism and stop the communism ripple effect occurring, with the forward defence policy Australia could ensure its safety. Forward defence is meeting any threats to Australia as far away from the mainland as possible. Menzies was having troubles getting the public to agree on his anti communism views so he created the fear of reds under the bed which got him enough support from the public to support his campaign. Australia first started it’s campaign in 1962 when it sent 30 advisers called ‘the team’ into Vietnam, Australia later sent land and air fighters. Australian troops in Vietnam reached the largest in 1964 with 8,000 troops Australia’s military status was growing and seeing theShow MoreRelated Austrailas Involvment in the Vietnam War1048 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? Australia first came involved in the Vietnam conflict in 1962 when the Australian Government sent a team of thirty army advisers to help train the South Vietnamese Army for its fight against the NLF guerrillas. At the same time a squadron of Royal Australian Air Force fighters were sent to nearby Thailand. While the alliance with the USA was becoming increasingly important, Australia still had strong ties with Britian. In January 1965, AustraliaRead MoreHistory Course Outline787 Words   |  4 Pagesfour topics; * Australia in the Vietnam War Era * Changing Rights and Freedoms * People Power and Politics in the Post-war Period * Australia’s Social and Cultural History in the Post-War Period Australia in the Vietnam War Inquiry questions †¢ How did the Australian government respond to the threat of communism after WWII? †¢ Why did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? †¢ How did various groups respond to AustraliaÂ’s involvement in the Vietnam War? †¢ What was the impactRead MoreWhat Was A Communist Government?1093 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican nations. 2. Why was the United States so anti-communist in the 1950s and 1960s? American during the 1950s and 1960s was anti-communist due to the cold war occurring between the USA and Russia, a communist country, in the 1950s. While USA’s government system during this time was a Democracy. They had the fear of this communist society expanding throughout the entire south East Asia. 3. Describe France’s involvement in Vietnam’s history. When did they set up a colony? Why? Explain what led toRead MoreEssay on Vietnam and Korean Wars Ruined Americas Image566 Words   |  3 PagesThe Vietnam War and Korean War greatly changed America forever. It was the longest war fought in America’s history, lasting from 1950 to 1973. Both of the Wars ruined America’s self-image by waging war against the people of Korea and Vietnam becoming the first time in history the United States failed to accomplish its stated war aims, to preserve a separate, independent, non-communist government. The elections had great effects on the America, as the communist parties of Korea and Vietnam led millionsRead More The Vietnam War Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War The Vietnam War was caused by many factors that contributed to the warfare in Vietnam during the years of 1959 to 1975. Most factors were the beliefs held by people who wanted to change or to prevent Vietnam becoming an Independent Country. Many people suffered due to these beliefs and policies and that the Vietnam War is now considered as one of the most distressing moments in the 20th Century. So why did the US become involved in the Vietnam War? What was Ho Chi Minh thinkingRead MoreThe Potential Hazards Of The South China Sea1629 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment that was originally there. In addition to China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the Philippines have also done some minor reclamation on Spratly landforms . Unfortunately, the reclamation of islands is destroying the natural ecosystems that once thrived there. History of the Region / Timeline of Events Historically, the South China Sea was relatively quiet until 1956 . It was in that year where South East Asian countries started to become fascinated in the various island chains. However, noRead MoreEssay on The Cold War from 1950-19801739 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War from 1950-1980 The period of 1950 to 1980 saw the Cold War spread from the traditional playing field of Europe to other parts of the world. However it is quite clear that the USA and the Soviet Union played only a marginal role in originating these conflicts-at the most setting up the basic framework for it to occur. Furthermore, when they did get involved they each did so to varying degrees. The USA seemed to be much more motivated and interestedRead MoreFallen Angels, by Walter Dean Myers1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War in the late 1960’s was described as a tragedy, a victory, a win, and a loss, but for whom? The millions of people who loss their lives or the millions of people who fought to save others or is it for the millions of people who had to make that decision every time that they were in battle, but as for Richard Perry, a seventeen-year-old, African American just out of a Harlem High School, had to ask that question solely to himself. Perry, a talented and bright young man put away hisRead MoreWhat Caused the Vietnam War1753 Words   |  8 PagesWhat Caused the Vietnam War? The Vietnam War was caused by many factors that contributed to the warfare in Vietnam during the years of 1959 to 1975. Most factors were the beliefs held by people who wanted to change or to prevent Vietnam becoming an Independent Country. Many people suffered due to these beliefs and policies and that the Vietnam War is now considered as one of the most distressing moments in the 20th Century. So why did the US become involved in the Vietnam War? What was Ho Chi MinhRead MoreSignificance Of The Manhattan Project And Nuclear Threat On Australia And The War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThreat having Impact on Australia and the War Sub-questions – - What was the Cold War? - Who were the inventers of the bomb? And what did they do after? - What was the significance of the bomb to the war and Australia? - The Expectation of the first Nuclear War - Nuclear Threat having impact on Australia? Word Count = 1191 What was the Cold War? The Cold War was the name of the relationship between the United States of America, and Post-1977 Russia after the end of World War II. The Cuban Missile

Why is it important for the external auditor to be independent free essay sample

Throughout the years, banks, shareholders, possible investors and creditors always relied on the financial statements produced by a company. Since the management of a company is producing these documents it has been assumed that the managers may act dishonestly so that their performance looks better. To monitor the company’s performance better the directors along with the shareholders employ external auditors to check all these financial statements for both intentional and unintentional errors. Therefore, external auditors have no motivation to produce dishonest reports, hence they are regarded as being truly independent. But can they actually be independent when their current and probably future fees are determined by the board of directors and knowing that a negative report may reduce or completely cease their future income flow? What if there is built-up loyalty or some personal relationships between the auditors and the audited company? What is the primal role of external auditors? Before proceeding further, it is important to note that an audit has any value to the financial statements’ readers, so long as the auditor is both technically competent (qualified enough to uncover significant errors) and truthful (All mistakes are corrected and presented to the public). For all the further contemplation, auditors are assumed technically competent. First of all, the primal role of an audit body is monitoring and examining financial statements. It is to serve to all financial statements readers as a reassurance on the truthfulness and reliability of these documents. Hence the external auditor has to act in an independent honest fashion. But even if he is economically independent, why should the auditor act honestly? Independence is an attitude of mind, it is the person’s independent viewpoint that protects him from being influenced and pressured by his clients. There are two groups of auditors, concerning ethical reasoning: These who take into consideration the consequences of their actions (consequentialists) and these who analyse the moral quality of the action, no matter how dreadful the consequences can be (deontologists). The latter will always be honest, while the consequentialists may occasionally produce dishonest reports. However, when economic dependence is taken into consideration (since the clients are the one who pay) the consequentialist becomes rational self-interested auditor, who tries to maximize his own economic wealth and minimize the risk related to this future income (there is a risk of being sued for negligence if the report is found to consist any significant errors). What is interesting here is that to avoid risk from being sued, the auditor may undertake additional work, hence better quality of the report. Another point worth mentioning is that different audit firms have different quality reputations- some are paid more, some less. To go further the auditing as a profession has the benefits of self-regulating monopoly, since all the regulations are made by recognised supervisory bodies (organisations whose members are all auditors or accountants) with little interference from the Government. Therefore all auditors are connected and their decisions affect the whole industry. An auditor should be independent because not only does he expose himself to risk of being sued and reducing his firm reputation but also bears responsibility to the whole audit profession. Besides auditors, the one who pays the price of fraud are shareholders, employees and sometimes even the society. There are many examples when dependent auditors concealed fraud, and the results are always disastrous, examples such as WorldCom, Enron, Rita Aid and Tyco. But let’s see what happened in the 6th largest cable operator in US- Adelphia. In the beginning of the 2002 Adelphia Communications Corporation was found guilty for fraud, amounting to 2. 3 billion dollars of concealed liabilities. The SEC (The Securities and Exchange Commission) distinguished 3 types of fraud- Hiding debt, misleading information concerning the performance of the corporation and many deceitful omissions. Deloitte was providing Adelphia with external Audit for more than 15 years, but suddenly (in the end of 2001) they stopped working, claiming that the information provided by Adelphia was unreliable. After the criminal investigation conducted by the SEC, Deloitte was accused of negligence, deception and failure to reveal fraud. According to the SEC (2005), the results are â€Å"Deloitte Touche LLP has agreed to pay $50 million to settle charges stemming from its audit of Adelphia Communications Corporations fiscal year 2000 financial statements. † Although Deloitte wasn’t pronounced guilty, it is obvious that they could have easily detected and disclosed the omissions and fraud that they could have found. If that had happened, probably the scale of this catastrophe would have been smaller and Adelphia wouldn’t have gone totally bankrupt. This case inevitably shows us the importance of independent auditing. Another threat to the independence of the auditors is a phenomenon which took place around 3 or 4 decades ago. During that time the number of firms which required audits stopped expanding, the codes that prohibited advertising accounting firms were abolished, which enabled all these firms to steal market from each other. Furthermore, a lot of audit bodies engaged into consulting, bookkeeping assistance, investigation and tax advices. This trend resulted in accounting firms gaining more revenue from consulting practices than from their main role in the society- monitoring and overseeing financial statements. Thus this led to a great conflict of interests, since consulting firms are supposed to be dependent and in good relationships with their clients but on the other hand audits should be carried in an independent manner. However, ‘money makes the world go round’ and auditors were reluctant to perform strict audits because they risk losing sufficiently more income than before, so they lost their independence to a great scale. Typically, this loss of independence was followed by the Enron and Arthur Andersen great failures. Not surprisingly, the public’s trust and confidence in accounting firms started to vanish in a fast pace. Fortunately, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 forbid audit companies to offer both consulting and auditing services to the same firm, which helped improving the independence. Nowadays, the act is still in power and audit providing firms have the choice whether to provide auditing or consulting to publicly held companies. An interesting, really recent example of playing with fire, with regards to The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, is the business alliance between PwC and Thomson Reunters in China. While according to U. K. regulations and U. S. law business coalitions between and auditor receiving company and the auditor itself are forbidden, it has just been announced that Thomson Reunters (audited by PwC) has already signed a contract with PwC to provide PwC with corporate tax technology in China. Apart from that, Thomson Reunters provides PwC U. K. with software for dealing with tax clients. According to Francine McKenna (2012), Forbes, â€Å"It’s not known if PwC receives any financial incentives or special considerations for its exclusive use of Thomson Reuters software to provide tax services to its clients in China and the U. K. PwC did provide a significant amount of tax services to Thomson Reuters as part of its audit. † In this case it is not sure if there are any distinct violations. Maybe there is a slight chance that this will be the next big failure, maybe not. What is for sure is that close business relationships tend to have negative influence on independence. In summary, the primal role of an external auditor is to provide an independent assessment of a company’s financial statements. His assessment is an assurance to the readers of the financial statements, that these statements are fair and true, free of significant errors and misleading information. It is of utmost importance that the audit performer is truly independent, to have an independent attitude of mind, because, otherwise, under the pressure and influence of his clients, the auditor may act in a dishonest fashion. Every disclosure of fraudulence has detrimental effect not only on the auditing company or the auditor who produced the report, but on the audit profession, as a whole. The auditor’s economic interest reduces his independence and can cause conflict of interests, which can result in dreadful failures and catastrophes. There are many regulations that try to protect auditor independence by limiting and decreasing the auditor’s economic interest. So it is important for an external auditor to be independent because in the end, the cost of fraudulent report is paid by all people engaged to the examined company, sometimes it is even paid by the society.

Importance of Personality-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Personality of the two Prime Ministers of New Zealand and also Critically assesses their personality traits in their working style and behaviour. Answer: Introduction: Personality can be defined as the product of social interaction between the people. It is the behaviour and the style of the person that the individual portrays in front of others at the time of interacting with other person. Personality is not about how the person looks but it is about how the person treats the other person. Every individual has different traits and these traits are projected by them according to their behaviour in the society. This collectively forms the personality of the individual (Pinder, 2014). This essay discusses about the personality of the two prime ministers of New Zealand and it also critically assesses their personality traits in their working style and behaviour. The two prime ministers who are discussed in the essay are Bill English and John Key. Both of these personalities are the leaders of New Zealand who have once headed the country with their leadership skills. Understanding the traits of their personality helps in determining the impact of the p ersonality of the individuals in their behaviour (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2012). Their traits have been analysed and aligned with the big 5 personality traits in order to analyse their actual personality. Big 5 traits provides the information about the basic traits that forms the personality of the individuals. These traits are categorized according to the behaviour of the people that has been observed at the time of responding to different situations. Importance of personality: Personality is very important for the individual in order to be recognized. Physical appearance of the person can only draws the attention of others for a short period, the actual attention of the society can be grabbed only with the overall personality that includes the way of talking, intelligence etc. Along with the looks (Robbins and Judge, 2013). Thus, it is important for a person to have particular personality that allows the individuals to have a unique identity. Personality of the person is the reflection of his thinking and behaviour. What are big 5 personality types? It has been analysed that different people have different response for the same situation. This is because of the difference in personalities of the people and this can be broadly divided into 5 domains that are called as Big 5 personality traits. These traits are used to determine the nature of the personality of an individual. Following are the big five personality traits: Openness: Openness is the trait that has been found in the individuals who believes in experiencing and learning new things (Naylor, Pritchard and Ilgen, 2013). The people who are open said to be imaginative in nature. The imaginative nature of the person helps him to resolve most of the issues. Openness can be related to the values in terms of creating the environment of equality. It can also be associated with the leadership (Robbins and Judge, 2012). This is because leaders have to be open and imaginative in nature so that they can think out of the box to resolve the issue and to manage the followers. Conscientiousness: the individuals with this trait in their personality are reliable and prompt. This trait can be related to the individual who value order and perform their duties as said. They are the people who believe in fulfilling the responsibility (March, 2013). Extraversion: These are the people who are extrovert in nature. They can work only when they can interact with people and cannot remain isolated (Luthans, Luthans and Luthans, 2015). The traits that can be associated with this element are talkative, assertive and energetic especially in groups. Agreeableness: the people with this type of trait in their personality are compassionate in nature and always remain kind to others. They can adjust in any of the situation and understand the feeling of others. Neuroticism: This is the trait that portrays the person with negative personality. The people with this trait are generally moody and face the issues of emotional instability in their nature. Their behaviour to others is not predictable as it depends on their mood. Background of Bill English: Simon William Bill English is the 39th prime minister of New Zealand. He has taken his responsibility and attended the office first time on 12th December 2016. Before becoming the prime minister of New Zealand, he was the Deputy Prime Minister of the country. English was born and brought up in the large family of Southland region (Hogg and Terry, 2014). He attended St. Patrick College; it was a catholic boarding school for boys. After completing the school, he went to Otago University for the course of B.A. Commerce and Victoria University for B.A. English Literature. As he completed his education, he returned back to Southland and started working as a farmer for a short time period. He eventually joined the party called National Party and then elected as the house representative in 1990. English has attained the growth in his career of political stability in early years of his career (Wagner III and Hollenbeck, 2014). He has appointed as the health minister in the cabinet and also h eaded the treasure and finance department. After achieving so much success and when Key surprisingly reigned from his post, he also supported English as the candidate to replace him. This whole journey was a great experience for English from being farmer to the prime minister of the country. Personality traits of English: English quoted himself as boring. This is because he belongs to the social conservative farmer family (DuBrin, 2013). The family background of English was not so sound and this can be seen in his shy and introvert personality. He was the leader who has supported the government as finance as well as health minister. This suggests that he is an intelligent person with great leadership qualities. His personality portrays him as the person who is stable and can maintain the continuity in the market with his ideas and practices. This is because he is not that much dynamic in his thinking and loves to create peace in the area he is leading (Nelson and Quick, 2013). The great weakness that is reflected in his personality is lack of interaction skills. He is unable to excite the public and fill energy in them. He is a low personality person who remains calm always. This calmness can be good as well as bad for him and his countrymen. It has been analysed that nobody knows enough about English even after he has spent so much of his lifetime in politics. This is because of his introvert personality as he has never shared about his personal life in the interviews. The only thing people know about him is that he belonged to southlands farmer family (Hebb, 2013). Brash, the former National leader has termed English as laconic. Laconic is the person who uses few words in his speech and writing. This can be seen by the speeches of English that he does not speak much and thus fails to interact and convenience people. His dry sense of humour restricts him to bind people to hear him. Bill is a self-deprecating personality who is very modest in nature and thus has no hard feelings even for Brash who has replaced him in 2003. Brash has also admired the strong work ethics and intelligence of English. He has headed the finance and treasure of the country for three years and this shows his intelligence in the fields. Newshub-Reid Research pollsuggests that English is far below than John Key in terms of popularity. When English came to the throne, there was no expectation from him by the public. This is because everyone has the perception that he cannot be able to match the leadership skills of John. This was observed to be true because he actually fails to engage public with him. All the traits of Bills personality suggest that Bill has some positive and some negative aspects in his personality. His calm behaviour sometimes helps to take decisions but also results in lack of energy among the public (Aucoin, 2012). Public lost any confidence on him. He is a person of ethics and discipline but his nature of being social conservative results in lack of interaction between him and his public. As far as the Big 5 traits of personality are concerned, it has been analysed that Bill has conscientiousness in his nature and personality. This is because he is the responsible person and understands his duties well. Some of the part of his personality also reflects agreeableness (Esselment, Lees-Marshment and Marland, 2014). This is because he is one of the most modest leaders in New Zealand. Background of John Key: John Key was the Prime minister of New Zealand from 2008 to 2016. He resigned surprisingly from his position and after that English was chooses to be the new Prime Minister of the country. As far as the background of John is considered, it has been analysed that he was born to George and Ruth Key in the year 1961 in Auckland, New Zealand. He has two siblings. He started his schooling at Aorangi school and Burnside high school (Cobb-Clark and Schurer, 2012). After completing his school education, he went to the University of Canterbury in order to learn Bachelor of Commerce in 1981. He developed his interest in politics at the time when he was around 27 years of age. He elected as the member of National party and in the year 2008, when he became the prime minister of the country, the party has won around 59 seats from the total of 122. At the time when he has positioned as the Prime minister, the country was facing the issues of global financial crisis; he made some initiatives and br ought stability in the economy of the country at early stages of the crisis. In 2011, the company again faced a calamity of earthquake and key by his efforts again brought stability in the economy as earlier. He won the election for Prime ministers for 3 consecutive times thus his popularity is hard to break by nay of the ministers later (Cred, Harms, Niehorster and Gaye-Valentine, 2012). Personality of John Key: Key was thinking to resign sine a long time but at the time of his New York visit, he decided and framed his decision. This is because he realized that he has to leave the position happy and not unhappy. He did the same in 2008 and this shows that he is the man of his words (Gregory Marshall, 2012). His firm determination has allowed him to take such a great decision. He was one of the most popular political leaders in the country. This is because of his likable personality. He likes everyone and everyone likes him. He sets his image very different from other politicians because he touches the heart of every member in the county and this made him so popular. It has been observed that he is very much fronded and there is no sign of proud (Helms, 2012). He was praised by many leaders for his work but he has always remained humble to everyone. Even in his speeches, it can be found that he has the capability to bind the crowd for long. He believes in the phrase that what you see is what you get. Thus, he always sees things in positive manner. Media has noticed that whenever Key is between public, there is no barriers found in their communication or interaction that generally exists between the political leaders and the public. He is considered as the most pragmatic and the spontaneous leaders in the country (Harris and Leberman, 2012). This is because he lacks the ability to plan. He believes that being spontaneous helps in doing rather than wasting time in thinking about the action. His upbringing journey was very tough and his family background helped him in becoming what he is. His father died early and his mother always taught her children the importance of education (Ross and Comrie, 2012). On dining table daily, his mother ties to raise a topic of conversation that divides knowledge to her children. This habit helped him in developing the ability and the trick to attract people by his speech. He has the great communication ability and this helped him in becom ing great leader. This is because being a leader provides a person with lots of responsibility and the basic responsibility is to make a connection with the public. He was very pragmatic and spontaneous in his decisions. At the time of global crisis, he was the one who brought back the economy of the country to stability. It has been analysed that the leader made too many decisions such as partial privatisation, increase in GST, focus on welfare system, introduction of zero budget etc. These initiatives have helped him to increase the economy of the country (Colbert, Barrick and Bradley, 2014). These initiatives by Key has not only developed the economy of the country but also results in creating new jobs so as to reduce unemployment from the country. He was considered as the true leader as he gain proved that when the country has faced the calamity of earthquake. He showed his strong leadership skills and kept the country stable. He was a performer and thus never has a fear to remo ve the person from the position who is underperforming. Critics were always there but it never affected the leadership of Key. This is because when he realized that the politics in taking the dirty turn and which can be against him, he decides to resign (Colbert, Judge, Choi and Wang, 2012). His decision was a surprise for while New Zealand. He always believes in giving enough time to his family. Thus, taking the decision of resigning was influenced by his love for his family. As far as the Big 5 traits of personality are concerned, it has been analysed that the major trait that portrays the personality of John Key is extrovert. He was an extrovert leader and was very talkative in nature. Extrovert is the person who can share his views to others and always remain the favourite of everyone in a group (Bono, Hooper and Yoon, 2012). Key was one of a kind and always tries to make connections with the public through his words. He was an emotional person as it is described by the way he has showed his love for his family. Openness can also be the element that is found in his personality. This is because he was considered as the spontaneous leader and a person who takes spontaneous decisions and has the capability to generate new ideas. He believes in facts and thus known to be very pragmatic. His personality is a mix of being emotional as well as practical (Antonakis and House, 2013). This personality helped him in being a great leader because a leader needs to be strict but at the same time have to be emotional so that he can understands the situation of his followers and can feel their pain before making the decision. Conclusion: It has been concluded from the study that personality is the very important part of any individual. This is because it makes him or her different from each other. Big 5 traits theory of personality is the theory that describes 5major division of the personality that has been found in the people. These 5 traits categorized the personality of the individuals. There are five traits such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The personalities of two prime ministers of New Zealand have been discussed in order to determine the effect of personality on work and behaviour of the people. There is very much difference between the personalities of John Key and Bill English. It has been analysed that Key was the minister who has open and extrovert nature while Bill is the shy and introvert individual. At one hand, Key used to interact with the public while Bill portrays himself as boring personality and always fails to bind the public with his speech. There were no expectations among the public from Bill after having the leadership of the leader like Key. References: Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Aucoin, P., 2012. New political governance in Westminster systems: Impartial public administration and management performance at risk.Governance,25(2), pp.177-199. Bono, J.E., Hooper, A.C. and Yoon, D.J., 2012. Impact of rater personality on transformational and transactional leadership ratings.The Leadership Quarterly,23(1), pp.132-145. Cobb-Clark, D.A. and Schurer, S., 2012. The stability of big-five personality traits.Economics Letters,115(1), pp.11-15. Colbert, A.E., Barrick, M.R. and Bradley, B.H., 2014. Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness.Personnel Psychology,67(2), pp.351-387. Colbert, A.E., Judge, T.A., Choi, D. and Wang, G., 2012. Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality: The mediating role of contributions to group success.The Leadership Quarterly,23(4), pp.670-685. Cred, M., Harms, P., Niehorster, S. and Gaye-Valentine, A., 2012. An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(4), p.874. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Esselment, A.L., Lees-Marshment, J. and Marland, A., 2014. The nature of political advising to prime ministers in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK.Commonwealth Comparative Politics,52(3), pp.358-375. Gregory Marshall, S., 2012. Educational middle change leadership in New Zealand: The meat in the sandwich.International Journal of Educational Management,26(6), pp.502-528. Harris, C.A. and Leberman, S.I., 2012. Leadership development for women in New Zealand universities: Learning from the New Zealand women in leadership program.Advances in Developing Human Resources,14(1), pp.28-44. Hebb, D.O., 2013.The Organization Of Behavior A Neuropsychological Theory. John Wiley And Sons Inc; New York; Chapman And Hall Limited; London. Helms, L., 2012. Democratic political leadership in the new media age: a farewell to excellence?.The British Journal of Politics International Relations,14(4), pp.651-670. Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J. eds., 2014.Social identity processes in organizational contexts. Psychology Press. Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2012.Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills best practices. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. March, J.G. ed., 2013.Handbook of Organizations (RLE: Organizations)(Vol. 20). Routledge. Naylor, J.C., Pritchard, R.D. and Ilgen, D.R., 2013.A theory of behavior in organizations. Academic Press. Nelson, D.L. and Quick, J.C., 2013.Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, and you. Cengage learning. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012. Essentials of organizational behavior. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2013. Organizational behavior. Ross, K. and Comrie, M., 2012. The rules of the (leadership) game: Gender, politics and news.Journalism,13(8), pp.969-984. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

A Theme in Black and White Essay Example For Students

A Theme in Black and White Essay Contemporary critics advocate that stories must be complex, that shades of gray must be present in every character, every event and every action. The literature of Zora Neale Hurston does not abide by such a rule, preferring instead to make her characters wholly innocent and virtuous or blatantly wicked. In Sweat, she uses symbols, her characters deeds, and the storys denouement to make a simple argument: Hurston proved that sooner or later, the downtrodden will rise up and overthrow their oppressors; by extension, she has demonstrated that in the timeless struggle between good and evil, good prevails in the end. Sweats sumbolism allows Hurston to communicate her theme without compromising the storys content or adopting a didactic manner of narration. In literature, the snake has been treated as a figure for power and evil by the many writers from the authors of the Old Testement to the compliers of Greek myth. Hurston, too, has picked this conventional symbol to stand for both Sykes and evil. Delias husband embodies an appalling evil which manifests itself in his infidelity, his physical abuse of Delia and finally, in his attempted murder. The bull whip which Sykes throws on Delia at the opening of Sweat is a a symbol of his dominance over her as well as a representation of goods submission to evil at this point in the story: he picked up the whip and glared down at her. For a moment, Delia believed the whip to be a snake and a great terrorsoftened her knees and dried her mouth (487). The snake icon reappears when Sykes brings home a six-foot rattler and Delia all but fainted outright when she peered into the cage (491). Again, the evil which Sykes brings into her house pertrifies Delia. The laundry, which stands for goodness, represents Delias nature as well as her life with Sykes. Delia makes the best of her situation by picking out the few good aspects of her life (e.g. her sacraments and the love feasts at church) and cleaving onto them when the times get hard. This is much like how she sorts the soiled clothes by picking out the white things, then resorting the pile when Sykes kick all of the clothes together again (487). For fifteen years, Sykes has dirtied her life, and she has washed it clean time after time. However, the oppressed will remain so as long as they can bear it, but every person has a breaking point, and Delia is no exception. It may seem like the storys climax embodies a sudden change in Delias character; in actuality, her willful failure to help him was a manisfestation of the courage she built up slowly over the course of fifteen years of brutality. During the first year of marriage, she was able to develop a triumphant indifference to all that he was or did, and later, she built a spiritual earthworks against Sykes (488). In the story, she also verbally attacks her husband for the first time: Lay roun wid dat oman all yuh wants tuh, but gwan way fum me an mah house. Ah hates yuh lak uh suck-egg dog. Sykes was so amazed at this rebellion that he almost lets the half-chewed food fall from his gaping mouth and he had a hard time whipping himself up to the proper fury to answer her (492). Sykes hasnt paid attention to his wife for many years, and he is unaware of the fact that she is getting stronger and stronger as she tires of his barbarity. Sykes has never perceived Delia as a threat, but he during the argument, he should have taken heed at the her last words: With no signs of fear, Delia tells him Mah cup is dune run ovahshe has reached her breaking point. .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .postImageUrl , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:hover , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:visited , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:active { border:0!important; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:active , .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc3c90ac95db05fb46bf8a45bd1a331d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Author to her book EssayFor as long as Sykes only soils her clothes, Delia allowed herself to be trodden upon, just like traditionally, good shies away from its adversary as long as evil doesnt coming knocking at its door. But when Sykes deposits the rattlesnake in the hamper, evils embodiment touch collides with the symbol of goodness and thus, the combat begins. She threw back the lid of the basketThen, moved by both horror and terror, she sprang back toward the door. There lay the snake in the basket! Initially filled with terror, Delia fled and climbed into the hay barn. But soon, her fear dissolved into something much more dangerous: she began to think coherently and as she cogitates, a cold, bloody rage stalked through her. Eventually, an awful calm came over her and she knew what she must do. Well, Ah done de bes Ah could. If things aint right, Gawd knows taint mah fault' (p.493). When the snake bites Sykes, she hears a series of animal screams but she never moved, he called, and the sun kept rising (p. 494). By the storys end, Delia, the personification of innate goodness, has overcome oppression. When she lets the snake destroy Sykes, she vanquishes evil by pitting it against itself. The last symbol Zora Neale Hurston employs is the rigid, straight Chinaberry tree, which stands in contrast to the sinuous snake of evil. At the fall of the curtian, Delia is clinging onto its trunk, where she waits for the cold river to rise and extinguish that eye which must know by now that she knew. Sykes dies knowing that he is no longer the oppressor and once again, evil is defeated.

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton H... free essay sample

Aimee-Lynn Edna Warburton Human Physiology Assignment Jenny Holden-Wilde Thursday, 31 May 2018Potassium deficiency in the body (Hypokalemia)What is Hypokalemia?Hypokalemia, also known as hypokalaemia, is when the levels of potassium in the blood in the body are too low.What is potassium needed for in the body?Potassium is important in the body. It helps to carry electrical signals/impulses to cells inside of the body and it is important for the normal functioning of muscle and nerve cells, specifically the heart.It is mainly used for three different areas; Balancing blood pressure levels, musculoskeletal functions, and as an electrolyte.Balancing blood pressure levels. Balanced levels of potassium and sodium are important for the bodys electrolyte levels. So, as sodium has a massive effect on the bodys blood pressure levels, increasing your daily potassium intake can help to keep your blood pressure levels secure as the increase of potassium will help to even out your internal sodium count. Musculoskeletal functions.Potassium is important for your smooth and skeletal muscles to contract. Because of this good strong levels of potassium are needed for regular digestive and muscular functioning. Potassium is also important for the health of your heart and with too little potassium in the body; your heart rate may increase into an irregular heartbeat- This may lead of a cardiac arrest. Symptoms of hypokalemia Symptoms of hypokalemia may include fatigue (feeling very tired), constipation, getting cramps throughout the body, and feeling weakness throughout the body. How do you lose potassium from the body?Potassium can be lost from the body in many ways. The most common way people lose potassium is via bodily fluids. (This is usually after taking medication. If this is the case, it will be lost through urine. Medications prescribed that may cause this include treatments for heart disease or high blood pressure.)Other ways that potassium can be lost is through vomiting, diarrhoea, alcohol use or the use of diuretics/laxatives.Occasionally, low levels of potassium are caused by not consuming enough potassium in your diet. Treatments for hypokalemia (Ways to put potassium back into the body)Good ways to put potassium back into the body would be to eat potassium rich foods. Some of these are; bananas, avocados, spinach, and sweet potatoes.Stopping drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, and switching to medications which make you not urinate as often are also ways to keep your bodys potassium levels normal.No medical interventions are needed to cure his disease.__________________________________________________________________________________________Sodium deficiency in the body (hyponatremia)What is hyponatremia?Hyponatremia is when the levels of sodium in the blood in the body are too low.What is sodium needed for in the body?Sodium is essential for the body. Without it we would simply not function properly and in cases with complete lack of sodium we would die. The most important roles of sodium in the body are to regulate your blood pressure and to help with muscle and nerve function.Balancing blood pressure levels.Sodium is absorbed into the blood through the GI tract (gastrointestinal tract) and is a very important factor for keeping your blood pressure levels steady. Sodium pulls in and keeps hold of water (hence why is it used as a curing product) this is useful to control the liquid content of the blood in the body. Without sodium we would lose the majority of the liquid content of the blood.Muscle and nerve function.Muscles and nerves require electrical currents to work. Both muscle and nerve cells create the needed electrical currents by regulating the flow of electrically charged molecules- sodium being an example.In muscle cells the contraction of the muscle is stimulated by these electrical currents. However, in nerves, they require the electrical current to communicate with other nerves. Molecular pumps are used inside of cells to regulate the sodium levels outside of the cell as they are needed to be kept high. Whenever an electrical current is required by the body, cells allow the positively charged sodium ions, NA+, into the cell, generating a positive electrical current. What part of the body regulates sodium levels?Sodium levels are regulated very carefully in the body to prevent levels from getting too high, or too low. However, your kidneys are responsible for regulating the concentration of sodium; this includes retaining sodium when your levels are low and excreting sodium in your urine when levels are too high. People with kidney problems may be more susceptible to quick and dangerous changes in sodium levels due to the non-functioning of their kidneys. Other ways that sodium is lost is in the form of sweat. This means that people who sweat more than other people, such as athletes, are more likely to have a sodium deficiency during increased periods of physical activity.Effects of sodium deficiency.As sodium is such an important integral part of muscle and nerve function, too little sodium can have catastrophic effects on the body. Common effects of hyponatremia are; cramps, headaches, muscle spasms, irritability, restlessness, nausea and fatigue. However, more severe signs of it are; confusion, hallucinations, decreased consciousness and even resorting to being placed into a coma. Treatments for sodium deficiencyThe only treatment often needed for a deficiency in sodium is a dietary or lifestyle change. Only in severe cases of hyponatremia, intravenous (IV or drip) fluids and electrolytes may be required. In this case, medication is usually needed to treat the underlying cause of the hyponatremia as well as the medication to manage the symptoms of it.________________________________________________________________________________Calcium deficiency in the body (hypocalcemia)What is hypocalcemia?Hypocalcemia, also known as hypocalcaemia is the lack of calcium in the body.What is potassium needed for in the body?Since calcium is a vital mineral, it is needed to build strong teeth and bones. Calcium is also required for your heart and other organs and muscles to function properly. If you do not get enough calcium as a child, its proven that you will not grow to your full height as an adult (Graham Rogers, MD on August 25, 2017). Who is at risk of developing hypocalcaemia?Many people are at an increased risk of developing hypocalcaemia as they age. This may be because of a variety of factors, including; poor calcium intake over an extended period of time- usually childhood, medications that may decrease calcium absorption, dietary intolerance to foods that contain calcium, hormonal changes- especially in women, and certain genetic factors.Other causes of hypocalcaemia are; people with low levels of vitamin D- as it makes it harder to absorb calcium, people that medications and drugs used to treat elevated calcium levels, people with pancreatitis, people with hypomagnesaemia or hyperphosphatemia, septic shock, renal failure and the removal of the parathyroid gland tissue as part of surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Missing your daily dose of calcium will not make you deficient over night, but its still important to eat calcium every day. Vegans are more likely to become calcium deficient quicker as they do nt eat calcium rich dairy products.Effects of calcium deficiencyThere are no short-term symptoms or effects of hypocalcaemia because the body maintains its calcium levels by taking calcium directly from the bones. However, having low levels of calcium for a long period of time can have serious effects. Such as; confusion or memory loss, muscle spasms, numbness and tingling in the hands, feet and face, depression, hallucinations, muscle cramps, weak and brittle nails, and having easy fracturing bones. Calcium deficiencies can affect all parts of the body, resulting in slower hair growth and fragile, thin skin.It is also an important role player in both neurotransmitter release and muscle contractions. This is why calcium deficiencies can bring on seizures in otherwise healthy people.Treatments for hypocalcaemiaHypocalcaemia is usually quite easy to treat. It typically involves adding more calcium to your diet.It is important that you do not self-treat by taking a lot of calcium supplements, As taking more than the recommended dose without your doctors approval can lead to serious issues such as kidney stones. Supplements recommended by doctors include; calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and calcium phosphate. These can come in liquid, tablet or chewable forms.What are the possible complications from having a calcium deficiency? Complications from having hypocalcaemia include; eye damage, an abnormal heartbeat and osteoporosis. Serious osteoporosis can lead to difficulty walking, spinal fractures or other bone fractures and even disability.________________________________________________________________________________Starch, proteins, lipids, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and vitamin C are all key nutrients needed for maintaining a balanced diet.What do we need carbohydrates for?We need carbohydrates in the body as glucose is our number one source of energy for our cells and brain. Without glucose we wont be able to think and remember things as well as the neurotransmitters in your brain wont be able to synthesize properly. Carbohydrates also contain lots of vitamin B, which help you make red blood cells which transport oxygen around your body, and vitamin C, which helps you to keep your skin healthy and it reduces any damage to your body from toxic chemicals.Furthermore, eating carbohydrates reduces the risk of heart disease and lowers your cholesterol levels dramatically. Without glucose from the carbohydrates, your body would eat up your muscles instead, causing serious problems for your body.Glucose even provides nutrients for the bacteria in our intestines, which help us to digest food.What happens if you dont have carbohydrates in your diet?If you dont have carbohydrates in your diet, you wont have enough glucose in your blood, so your blood sugar levels will drop causing hypoglycemiaThe signs of hypoglycemia are: hunger, shakiness, dizziness, confusion, difficulty speaking and feeling anxious or weak.How do you put carbohydrates back in to your diet?One way to put carbohydrates back into your bod y is eating foods like: grains, fruits, beans, milk products and vegetables.What do we need proteins for?We need protein in our body as every single cell in our body is made out of amino acids. Amino acids help us to repair and make new cells. Having a sufficient amount of protein in our body is also important for growth and development in small children, teenagers and pregnant women. To add to this it is also needed to make enzymes, hormones and other bodily chemicals. And is even an important building block for bones, muscles, cartilage, skin and blood.What happens if you dont have proteins in your diet?There are nine essential amino acids you need to stay healthy. Without protein in your diet you can become amino acid deficient. Symptoms of amino acid deficiency include: muscle loss (unexpected weight loss caused by this), fatigue, depression, anxiety and even anemia. Your body will also be more prone to injury, and may take a lot longer to heal.When your body is lacking the intake of protein, your body will start to break down your skeletal muscles to make sure that amino acids are still being produced and transported around the body; this is why people that are amino acid deficient may experience significant weight loss and severe weakness and fatigue.How do you put proteins back in to your diet?One way to put proteins back into your body is to eat foods such as meats, milk, fish, and eggs, poultry, soy, beans, legumes, nut butters, and some grains which are high in amino acids.What do we need Vitamin C for?We need vitamin C in the body as it helps with the synthesis of collagen; a major part of connective tissue, bones, cartilage, and teeth which helps you heal. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant for the body, which helps protect the bodys cells from damage. What happens if you dont have Vitamin C in your diet?If you dont have enough vitami n C in your body your blood vessels may become extremely weak with a possibility of them breaking. Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency are: bleeding; especially from the gums, tooth loss, a slow and sometimes painful healing process, anemia, bleeding from the skin, bruising easily and very frequent nose bleeds. How do you put Vitamin C back in to your diet?You can put vitamin C back into your body by eating fruit and vegetables. Some of these that are high in vitamin C are: red or yellow peppers, oranges or orange juice, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and potatoes.

Soccer The Worlds Most Beautiful Game Essay Example

Soccer The Worlds Most Beautiful Game Essay Soccer has been called the most beautiful game in the world. There have been legends of the game who have taken the game to the next level. Soccer has evolved from being a sport to a way of bringing friends and loved ones together. Soccer brings nations together and for 90 minutes, people put aside their differences. When someone thinks of soccer legends they may think of Pelle, Maradona, Zidane. When you think of this century you think Messi and Ronaldo. The main question has been for years who is better Ronaldo or Messi? The real answer is there is no winner, They have both been successful in their own way. Messi is the fast speed demon who can control the ball and use his pace to get past defenders. Ronaldo, know for his strength and impeccable ball skills to get past the defender and make them look dumb. As well as different they are both alike in many ways Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February fifth 1985 in Portugal on a small island of the west coast. His parents wereMaria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and Jose Dinis Aveiro.He was the youngest of one older brother and two older sistersRonaldo’s dad was an equipment manager for Andorinha that is how he got introduced into competitive soccer. While playing for Andorinha people noticed his talent and then took his talent to sporting and has been dominating the professional level. Lionel Messi is younger than Ronaldo, Messi was born on June 24, 1987 in Argentina. His parents areCelia Maria Cuccittini and Jorge Horacio Messi. He also has three siblings, two older brothers and an older sister. Just like ronaldo his dad got him into soccer, his dad was a coach of his local team Grandoli in argentina. Him and his parents moved to Barcelona in spain where he was then signed and has played for ever since (Messi Best; About Lionel Messi). We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer The Worlds Most Beautiful Game specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer The Worlds Most Beautiful Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer The Worlds Most Beautiful Game specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Messi and Ronaldo both when they were younger had diseases that could of stopped them from playing soccer. At the age of 15 Ronaldo was diagnosed w

Creatine In Sport Essays - Bodybuilding Supplements,

Creatine In Sport In today's society, a lot of emphasis is placed on how you look. Almost everybody wants that "perfect body". But with all the things people have to do, not many are willing to put in the time to get it. So there must be an easy way to get it. Right? Not too long ago people were experimenting with anabolic steroids. They injected horse testosterone into their veins to increase the amount of muscle mass produced from lifting. But after a while, some professional athletes and high profile people started showing the side effects that are associated with them. For example, Lyle Alzado, a popular star in the NFL, developed a brain tumor and died. This scared a lot of people and the recreational uses of steroids decreased. With the dangers of steroids well known people started looking for other substances to give them an edge. Bee pollen, carnitine and chromium picolinate, were among the things people tried. Of course none of these worked. But now there is a product on the market that has been proven to significantly enhance athletic performance in the areas of power, strength, and muscle mass. This substance is Creatine Phosphate. ABOUT CREATINE When you exercise you obviously burn energy. There are many things involved in this process. The energy that you burn is called Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP. This molecule has very high energy bonds between the phosphates and the rest of the molecule. Your body breaks these bonds releasing the energy for use and changing the molecule to ADP (di-phosphate). Since the body has a relatively low supply of ATP, it needs to convert the ADP back into ATP. Creatine helps to speed this process along. Creatine is an amino acid made in your liver and stored in your muscles. In the diet it is found in milk, steak, and some fish. Although scientists have known about it for about 160 years, studies on it have have just started to be done. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION *Picture* After the publication of test results in 1990, the area of creatine supplementation has exploded. Now almost everyone knows what it is and someone who is using it. As was stated earlier, creatine helps speed up the process of converting ADP back into ATP. So it is logical that if you increase the amount of creatine you should increase the conversion rate. The daily requirement of creatine is about two grams. Most of the creatine supplement products recommend taking ten times that amount for the first week or so to saturate your muscles, and five grams a day to maintain it. In most published studies the logic is correct; if you increase dietary creatine you increase stored creatine. DOES IT WORK? With the increase of stored creatine there should be an increase in conversion time. In most of the studies that I have seen this is true. There is also a relationship between the amount of hydration in a muscle cell and the amount of work it can do. Creatine makes the cell retain water and therefore should increase the amount of work individual cells can do. But this is not all that it does. In many studies, along with increased recovery time, creatine showed to increase muscle mass, explosive power and strength. In one study groups of athletes put on five to seven pounds of lean muscle mass in a month. These results were far better than athletes receiving a placebo in the same study. Some critics state that the increase in muscle mass is mostly water, but there are studies that say there is an increase in the size of Type II muscle fibers. With the increase in mass there should be an increase in power. In the same study the athletes saw a thirty percent increase in bench-press. With an increase in strength and recovery time there is an increase in overall explosive power. IS IT FOR ME? Although creatine supplementation has shown results in particular areas, it doesn't help everyone. The supplements are pretty expensive and with the recommended dosage, they go pretty fast. If you are not serious about training or are a weekend warrior you may see results but you will pay for them. But if you are seriously into bodybuilding, creatine will help you see gains. Also, athletes that perform short burst sprints with little recovery time will benefit from creatine. Basketball and football players in particular. But if you are an endurance athlete such as a marathoner or a sprinter there are studies that show that

Tom Brennan notes Essay Example

Tom Brennan notes Essay Example Tom Brennan notes Essay Tom Brennan notes Essay Toms letter- sentences- maybe you could go to a councilor or talk to someone outside of the family to help you cope Its not your fault mum, you did nothing wrong to cause this I feel Like kylie is punching me away, the whole family changed. We are all here when the time comes, when you are ready to start again. I miss the way our family was before the accident. I am making friends with the guys on the football team, they are a nice bunch of blokes. You are missing out on so much of my life and it hurts that you dont care. Chapter 4 His legs had wasted to long pieces of bone wrapped in shiny skin. (p. 61) If I was Fin- Maybe Itll come back, first my toes then my legs. What if it doesnt though? Daniel didnt know what he was doing, but he still conscious and hes the only one I can blame. I dont think I can forgive him. What am I going to do with my life now? I cant play footy, cricket, swim, and even write. Ive got future of endless misery for trying to help my mate. Why me? Chapter 5- Tom Is really upset by Daniels behavior towards him at the beach. Write his diary entry for that day. The silence. The darkness. Vive seen it before, the night of the crash. I saw the anger in his eyes. Man sometimes Daniel annoys me It haunts my memories even today The moment I saw him my heart sunk Memories that make me hurt make me want to cry We were able to have able of a Joke and a laughs together, but It wants the same It never will be. Im always In danger when Im with Daniel. Daniel would be so but better without his temper. Daniel likes his privacy, I shouldnt have told Brendan. He always takes his anger out on me He kept me under the water for ages. I thought I was going to die. Chapter 6- Activity: Discuss whether Kylies reaction to her situation is the way most teenagers would 0 respond. Discuss how the class would have dealt with Tees. Could Tom have done anything Tot help her? Activity 1- All Individuals react In a different way, there Is no average way to respond to hidden away; others block it out and move on. In her situation where she meets new friends and Just tries to start a new life to fit in and forget I think its a healthier way to respond even though the rebellious attitude she has adopted is impacting on her and others negatively she is at least confronting it. Activity 2- In this situation Tom could have tried to help and become more understanding but he himself is trying to find a way to deal with his emotions and past. Chapter 7- Activities: You are a psychologist who has been assigned to help Tees in the days following The accident. Write the report you would make on her emotional state. Discuss Tallboys recommendations should Daniel have pleaded guilty or not Guilty? Activity 1- Tees has seen the stages of denial, remorse, sadness and uncertainty. Her progress has been negative as she tries to get a grasp on what has happened and how the community is responding as days before the accident her family was respected and liked. Now they face the families and friends of the 2 children her son had killed. Activity 2- Considering the statements that the witnesses made the options for denials plead were restricted. To face the court and have an honest testament the court would see his remorse and character before his actions maybe giving him a better option for his future. If he pleads not guilty and the evidence is against him the sentence will be much larger, the families inflicted will be angrier and the character of Daniel will be compromised. Chapter 8- In small groups, compare Tom how is emotionally at this stage with how he was at the beginning of the story. Is there any change? At the beginning of the story he was cared and confused as he was pushing his car out the driveway to escape the gaze of the neighbors. This is slightly contrasted with his more developed character by chapter 8 where he starts to put things together and realize why everything happened. He is still emotionally unstable because of the event and what had happened to him, his family and the community but his understanding and progression of the realization of it seems to be developing through the next few chapters. He now takes control, gets along with life, accepting yet still hiding and burying it below his new life. Gets back into footy ND running, his old life. JOURNEY INTO THE WORLD) My short Journey to next year. At this stage in my life with study, work, social life, hobbies, adulthood and other interests its hard to hold it all on one plate, to balance the workload and find the priorities. The Journey mainly involves study up until the end of the HAS hopefully, if I can find a routine and beyond that its all about work, friends, alcohol and parties. Len- between those I should be looking into my future as fair as nun and career goes but at the moment my main concerns are on going well in school but not forgetting the things that make me happy. Although all these things are most important for my study, work, school and sleep. To still have a sense of adventure in-between all the hassles of senior life. Chapter 9 the legend of the Brenna Brothers In the last 2 years these two remarkable brothers have almost carried their footy team towards the win. Along with the help of their teammates and rivals to motivate them they have blown away the competition with their brotherly instinct out on the field. They say the strongest bond is love, but there is one stronger than Just love, love and brotherhood. In the recent season that has Just passed the two have said heir intention for the next season, to make it a trisects, no team has done it before and I have, their family has and the community has high expectations for their future. Chapter II- 6 lines on reasonable assumption It wasnt a reasonable assumption by tom but because of his state of mind in the time this line was said its understandable. He didnt take into account the opinions and perspectives of the people in the town and his familys view of how they should react. It was more of an emotional response than a conscious one, making the reaction usually more heated and unstable. Lines on a discussion of dawns future. For Daniel I believe his future is looking to be that of progressive. From the news of his condition in goal and how he is helping other inmates he is already on the way to his new life outside of goal. I believe that his journey will have foundations around his family and final maintenance by the people he posit ions himself around. Chapter 12 6 lines to say I dont think it is fair for the whole family to be blamed for Daniels actions but that is the reality with their circumstance in their community. I think from what has been stated up to this point that the blame shouldnt go towards the whole family. That is what one persons downfall. Although I think it shouldnt be shared by the family its almost better that way so we can see the development and reaction of each individual character. Chapter 13 Kylie speech Good morning my fellow Chill classmates. Today I am going to talk to you about a very serious Chapter 14 Journal entries. (3) Journal entry 1- Going out for dinner, I thought itll be a change from eating hard boiled meatloaf all joining us though. Crisis, the goddess who walked among us. I was so nervous. The start of the night went salamander, I was interrupted naked and burnt as I was herring, but in a way it was good. The rest of the night went well, Just Jokes and laughs. Id forgotten all about my nervousness of the glistening beauty of Crisis and it Just seemed like it was a normal dinner with mates. It was an amazing night, seemed like old times, Entry 2- Heading off to the footy camp I had very low expectations for the resulting week but it didnt mean we couldnt have a bit of a social thing. These boys couldnt catch a cold but it started out to be a lot of fun. I tried teaching them a few moves that Daniel and I use to do, killer tactics they were but it didnt work out. I was beginning to get bait upset because from the years past footy camps were all about learning new things, refining our skills and fitness. This excuse for a gathering was mostly the opposite. My attitude must have been showing because dad pulled me over and started to have a word. Entry 3- After dad had a very meaning full conversation, he almost had a tear in his eye. For the next 4 days I worked those boys through all the training runs Dan and I use to do, teaching them new tricks and refining their skills as much as I could. After the conversation dad made me realize that the game wasnt all about winning and eating the shield but doing it as a team and enjoying it. Tom b- 1st person flash backs non- chromo accident obstacles- mother, kylie sport/girlfriend transition change, obstacles, transformation, responsibility, choice, identity. ROT- the kings of summer Tommy B Chapter 16- He was on a self-destruct mission. (p. 229) In a class discussion students could share ideas on this topic. Do they believe that Daniels parents should have been also charged for taking a passive resistance towards his behavior? What could have been done to help Daniel prior to the accident? Are liquor laws the same for underage drinking in all countries? What influence do friends have when someone is going off the rails? Question 1- no I dont. They were having a hard ti me controlling their sons behavior like many parents do around the same age as Dan. It is completely understandable and excusable. Question 2 taken a deep breath, and thought about what has happened. Maybe taken a walk to relax and sweat the alcohol out, sober up. Question 3 no, some countries take it very seriously having harsh penalties such as probation and steep fines. Australia is quite relaxed about the matter and consider it within our culture I believe. Although this is my opinion there are still Judges and officers that take it very seriously and go beyond the laws to teach the offended a lesson. Question 4 depends what sort of attitude and frame of mind they are in. If they are negotiable and sociable friends can have a very big influence. Calming them down or sometimes heating the situation. But while they are totally negotiable friends advice can be easily deflected. Chapter 17- The siren rang for full-time, the score still 9-7 but you wouldve thought we were the winners. (p. 251) Activity 1 Students are to write a sporting column for a local newspaper describing the match. Vive got to ring him. (p. 253) Activity 2:0 What would Tom have said to Matt? Working in pairs, write a script of this phone call. Activity 1- One of the most intimidated matches for the season Chapter 18- l think Ill call you Harvey, she crooned. Because Saint Harvey was famous for his miracles.

Qesem Cave - Middle and Lower Paleolithic Site in Israel

Qesem Cave - Middle and Lower Paleolithic Site in Israel Qesem cave is a karst cave located on the lower, western slopes of the Judean Hills in Israel, 90 meters above the sea level and about 12 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea. The caves known limits are approximately 200 square meters (~20x15 meters and ~10 meters high), although there are several partly visible passages which have yet to be excavated. Hominid occupation of the cave has been documented in a 7.5-8 meter-thick layer of sediment, divided into an Upper Sequence (~4 meters thick) and a Lower Sequence (~3.5 meters thick). Both sequences are believed to be associated with the Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC), which in the Levant is transitional between the Acheulean period of the late Lower Paleolithic and the Mousterian of the early Middle Paleolithic. The stone tool assemblage at Qesem Cave is dominated by blades and shaped blades, called the Amudian industry, with a small percentage of Quina scraper-dominated Yabrudian industry. A few Acheulean hand axes were found sporadically throughout the sequence. Faunal material discovered in the cave exhibited a good state of preservation, and included fallow deer, auroch, horse, wild pig, tortoise, and red deer. Cutmarks on the bones suggest butchery and marrow extraction; the selection of bones within the cave suggest that the animals were field-butchered, with only specific parts returned to the cave where they were consumed. These, and the presence of blade technology, are early examples of modern human behaviors. Qesem Cave Chronology Qesem Caves stratigraphy has been dated by Uranium-Thorium (U-Th) series on speleothermsnatural cave deposits such as stalagmites and stalactites, and, at Qesem Cave, calcite flowstone and pool deposits. Dates from the speleotherms are from in situ samples, although not all of them are clearly associated with the human occupations. Speleotherm U/Th dates recorded within the top 4 meters of the cave deposits range between 320,000 and 245,000 years ago. A speleotherm crust at 470-480 cm below the surface returned a date of 300,000 years ago. Based on similar sites in the region, and these suite of dates, the excavators believe that occupation of the cave began as long ago as 420,000 years ago. Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC) sites such as Tabun Cave, Jamal Cave and Zuttiyeh in Israel and Yabrud I and Hummal Cave in Syria also contain date ranges between 420,000-225,000 years ago, fitting with the data from Qesem. Sometime between 220,000 and 194,000 years ago, Qesem cave was abandoned. Note (Jan 2011): Ran Barkai, director of the Qesem Cave Project at Tel Aviv University, reports that a paper to be submitted for publication soon provides dates on burnt flints and animal teeth within the archaeological sediments. Faunal Assemblage Animals represented at Qesem cave include approximately 10,000 microvertebrate remains, including reptiles (there are an abundance of chameleons), birds, and micromammals such as shrews. Human Remains at Qesem Cave Human remains found within the cave are restricted to teeth, found in three different contexts, but all within the AYCC of the late Lower Paleolithic period. A total of eight teeth were found, six permanent teeth and two deciduous teeth, probably representing at least six different individuals. All of the permanent teeth are mandibular teeth, containing some traits of Neanderthal affinities and some suggesting a similarity to hominids from Skhul/Qafzeh caves. Qesems excavators are convinced that the teeth are Anatomically Modern Human. Archaeological Excavations at Qesem Cave Qesem Cave was discovered in 2000, during road construction, when the caves ceiling was almost entirely removed. Two brief salvage excavations were conducted by the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University and the Israel Antiquities Authority; those studies identified the 7.5 meter sequence, and the presence of AYCC. Planned field seasons were conducted between 2004 and 2009, led by Tel Aviv University. Sources See Tel Aviv Universitys Qesem Cave Project for additional information. See page two for a list of resources used in this article. Sources See Tel Aviv Universitys Qesem Cave Project for additional information. This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Barkai R, Gopher A, Lauritzen SE, and Frumkin A. 2003. Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic. Nature 423(6943):977-979. doi:10.1038/nature01718 Boaretto E, Barkai R, Gopher A, Berna F, Kubik PW, and Weiner S. 2009. Specialized Flint Procurement Strategies for Hand Axes, Scrapers and Blades in the Late Lower Paleolithic: A 10Be Study at Qesem Cave, Israel. Human Evolution 24(1):1-12. Frumkin A, Karkanas P, Bar-Matthews M, Barkai R, Gopher A, Shahack-Gross R, and Vaks A. 2009. Gravitational deformations and fillings of aging caves: The example of Qesem karst system, Israel. Geomorphology 106(1-2):154-164. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.09.018 Gopher A, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Barkai R, Frumkin A, Karkanas P, and Shahack-Gross R. 2010. The chronology of the late Lower Paleolithic in the Levant based on U-Th ages of speleothems from Qesem Cave, Israel. Quaternary Geochronology 5(6):644-656. doi: 10.1016/j.quageo.2010.03.003 Gopher A, Barkai R, Shimelmitz R, Khalaily M, Lemorini C, Heshkovitz I, and Stiner MC. 2005. Qesem Cave: An Amudian Site in Central Israel. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 35:69-92. Hershkovitz I, Smith P, Sarig R, Quam R, Rodrà ­guez L, Garcà ­a R, Arsuaga JL, Barkai R, and Gopher A. 2010. Middle Pleistocene dental remains from Qesem Cave (Israel). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144(4):575-592. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21446 Karkanas P, Shahack-Gross R, Ayalon A, Bar-Matthews M, Barkai R, Frumkin AG, Avi , and Stiner MC. 2007. Evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the Lower Paleolithic: Site-formation processes at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 53(2):197-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.002 Lemorini C, Stiner MC, Gopher A, Shimelmitz R, and Barkai R. 2006. Use-wear analysis of an Amudian laminar assemblage from the Acheuleo-Yabrudian of Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(7):921-934. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.019 Maul LC, Smith KT, Barkai R, Barash A, Karkanas P, Shahack-Gross R, and Gopher A. 2011. Microfaunal remains at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel: Preliminary results on small vertebrates, environment and biostratigraphy. Journal of Human Evolution 60(4):464-480. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.015 Verri G, Barkai R, Bordeanu C, Gopher A, Hass M, Kaufman A, Kubik P, Montanari E, Paul M, Ronen A et al. 2004. Flint mining in prehistory recorded by in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(21):7880-7884.